“There was once, in the country of Alifbay, a sad city, the saddest of cities, a city so ruinously sad that it had forgotten its name”. This is a complex sentence.

“There was one a sad city”. This is the sentence in its simple form.

“It stood by a mournful sea full of glum fish, which were so miserable to eat that they made people belch with melancholy even though the skies were blue”. This is a compound sentence.

“It stood by a mourning sea full of glumfish”. This is it in a simple form taking away the second clause.

“Black smoke pouredout of the chimneys of the sadness factories and hung over the city like bad news”.

The noun phrases are: “Black smoke” and “bad news”.

The nouns are: Smoke, news, chimneys, factories, city.

The verbs are: Poured, hung.

the prepositions are: Out, over.

“There is black smoke pouring out of the chimneys of the sadness factories and hanging over the city like bad news”. In third person and present tense.